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DETECTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS TOXIN GENES AND METHICILLIN RESISTANCE IN CLINICAL SAMPLES

By DR. SHUBHAM SWAGAT JENA | MKCG MEDICAL COLLEGE , BERHAMPUR

Introduction Staphylococcus aureus can cause infections ranging from minor skin lesions to life-threatening sepsis. Its virulence is attributed to toxin genes like enterotoxins, exfoliative toxins, and Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST). Methicillin resistance mediated by mecA gene makes treatment complicated. Detection of toxin genes yields essential insights into virulence and guides infection control. Objective The study aims to identify toxin genes and methicillin resistance in S. aureus isolates, examining correlations between virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance patterns for better clinical outcomes. Material & Methods This prospective study was conducted over a period of 2 years. Clinical samples, including blood, wound swabs, pus and urine specimens, were collected from 180 patients. S. aureus identification was done by biochemical and automated methods. DNA extraction was performed using commercial kits, followed by multiplex PCR amplification targeting major toxin genes, including enterotoxin genes, exfoliative toxin genes, toxic shock syndrome toxin genes and mecA genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing followed CLSI standard guidelines. Statistical analysis was done to determine associations between the presence of the toxin genes and clinical variables. Results Among the 180 S. aureus isolates, toxin genes were detected in 78% of samples. Enterotoxin genes were identified in 52%, exfoliative toxin genes in 18%, and TSST gene in 12% of samples. Methicillin resistance (mecA-positive) was observed in 46% of isolates. Presence of exfoliative toxins correlated with skin manifestations, and TSST with severe systemic presentations. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates demonstrated higher frequencies of multiple toxin genes compared to methicillin-sensitive strains. 56% of the MRSA isolates were susceptible to only Linezolid and Vancomycin. Conclusion The high prevalence of toxin genes and methicillin resistance in S. aureus isolates emphasizes their clinical significance in pathogenesis and disease severity. Integrating virulence and resistance profiling can guide timely, targeted therapy, improve patient outcomes, and strengthen infection control.

Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, toxin genes, Methicillin Resistance

Published: Mar 31, 2026

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Author(s): DR. SHUBHAM SWAGAT JENA (DR. SHUBHAM SWAGAT JENA)

Institution: MKCG MEDICAL COLLEGE , BERHAMPUR

Type: Academic

Abstract:

Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, toxin genes, Methicillin Resistance

Academic

Study on in vitro activity of a novel Carbapenem- BIAPENEM

By Dr Neha Sahu | MKCG,MCH

The rising prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens in hospitals necessitates novel therapeutic strategies. Biapenem, a novel carbapenem, recently approved by Drug controller of India for complicated urinary tract infection. It demonstrates distinct pharmacological advantages over Meropenem, Imipenem and Ertapenem, including stability against selected β-lactamases and efflux pumps. Objectives To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of Biapenem against a panel of carbapenemase producing gram negative bacteria. A total of 286 isolates of Enterobacterales , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp were recovered from various clinical samples from clinical wards and intensive care units for a period of 6 months. The isolates were identified followed by AST to screen for carbapenemase production. The carbapenemase producing organisms (86) were tested for susceptibility to Biapenem , Imipenem ,Meropenem and Ertapenem using MIC strips. Results Biapenem shows very low MICs (0.047–0.5 µg/mL) i.e. 88.3% susceptible to Klebsiella pneumonae isolates , 84.2% to Escherichia coli and 51.3% to Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates whereas Acinetobacter baumannii isolates display high MICs (32 µg/mL), reflecting resistance.

Keywords:

Published: Mar 31, 2026

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